Additionally, the U. Congress has proposed legislation to ban youth from accessing SNSs in schools and libraries H. The rise of SNSs indicates a shift in the organization of online communities. While websites dedicated to communities of interest still exist and prosper, SNSs are primarily organized around people, not interests. The introduction of SNS features has introduced a new organizational framework for online communities, and with it, a vibrant new research context.
Scholarship concerning SNSs is emerging from diverse disciplinary and methodological traditions, addresses a range of topics, and builds on a large body of CMC research. The goal of this section is to survey research that is directly concerned with social network sites, and in so doing, to set the stage for the articles in this special issue.
Like other online contexts in which individuals are consciously able to construct an online representation of self—such as online dating profiles and MUDS—SNSs constitute an important research context for scholars investigating processes of impression management, self-presentation, and friendship performance. In one of the earliest academic articles on SNSs, boyd examined Friendster as a locus of publicly articulated social networks that allowed users to negotiate presentations of self and connect with others.
While most sites encourage users to construct accurate representations of themselves, participants do this to varying degrees. Another aspect of self-presentation is the articulation of friendship links, which serve as identity markers for the profile owner. Social network sites also provide rich sources of naturalistic behavioral data.
Profile and linkage data from SNSs can be gathered either through the use of automated collection techniques or through datasets provided directly from the company, enabling network analysis researchers to explore large-scale patterns of friending, usage, and other visible indicators Hogan, in press , and continuing an analysis trend that started with examinations of blogs and other websites.
For instance, Golder, Wilkinson, and Huberman examined an anonymized dataset consisting of million messages exchanged by over four million Facebook users for insight into Friending and messaging activities. Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield explored the relationship between profile elements and number of Facebook friends, finding that profile fields that reduce transaction costs and are harder to falsify are most likely to be associated with larger number of friendship links.
SNS researchers have also studied the network structure of Friendship. Analyzing the roles people played in the growth of Flickr and Yahoo! Based on Orkut data, Spertus, Sahami, and Buyukkokten identified a topology of users through their membership in certain communities; they suggest that sites can use this to recommend additional communities of interest to users.
Finally, Liu, Maes, and Davenport argued that Friend connections are not the only network structure worth investigating. They examined the ways in which the performance of tastes favorite music, books, film, etc. Although exceptions exist, the available research suggests that most SNSs primarily support pre-existing social relations. Ellison, Steinfield, and Lampe suggest that Facebook is used to maintain existing offline relationships or solidify offline connections, as opposed to meeting new people.
These relationships may be weak ties, but typically there is some common offline element among individuals who friend one another, such as a shared class at school. Research in this vein has investigated how online interactions interface with offline ones. Likewise, boyd argues that MySpace and Facebook enable U. Researchers have investigated the potential threats to privacy associated with SNSs. In analyzing trust on social network sites, Dwyer, Hiltz, and Passerini argued that trust and usage goals may affect what people are willing to share—Facebook users expressed greater trust in Facebook than MySpace users did in MySpace and thus were more willing to share information on the site.
Survey data offer a more optimistic perspective on the issue, suggesting that teens are aware of potential privacy threats online and that many are proactive about taking steps to minimize certain potential risks. SNSs are also challenging legal conceptions of privacy. Hodge argued that the fourth amendment to the U. Constitution and legal decisions concerning privacy are not equipped to address social network sites. For example, do police officers have the right to access content posted to Facebook without a warrant?
In addition to the themes identified above, a growing body of scholarship addresses other aspects of SNSs, their users, and the practices they enable. Scholars are documenting the implications of SNS use with respect to schools, universities, and libraries. Charnigo and Barnett-Ellis found that librarians are overwhelmingly aware of Facebook and are against proposed U. This overview is not comprehensive due to space limitations and because much work on SNSs is still in the process of being published.
Additionally, we have not included literature in languages other than English e. The articles in this section address a variety of social network sites—BlackPlanet, Cyworld, Dodgeball, Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube—from multiple theoretical and methodological angles, building on previous studies of SNSs and broader theoretical traditions within CMC research, including relationship maintenance and issues of identity, performance, privacy, self-presentation, and civic engagement.
These pieces collectively provide insight into some of the ways in which online and offline experiences are deeply entwined. Using a relational dialectics approach, Kyung-Hee Kim and Haejin Yun analyze how Cyworld supports both interpersonal relations and self-relation for Korean users. Dara Byrne uses content analysis to examine civic engagement in forums on BlackPlanet and finds that online discussions are still plagued with the problems offline activists have long encountered.
She looks at the ways in which networked communication is reshaping offline social geography. Other articles in this collection illustrate how innovative research methods can elucidate patterns of behavior that would be indistinguishable otherwise. Existing theory is deployed, challenged, and extended by the approaches adopted in the articles in this section. Judith Donath extends signaling theory to explain different tactics SNS users adopt to reduce social costs while managing trust and identity.
The articles in this collection highlight the significance of social network sites in the lives of users and as a topic of research. Collectively, they show how networked practices mirror, support, and alter known everyday practices, especially with respect to how people present and hide aspects of themselves and connect with others.
The fact that participation on social network sites leaves online traces offers unprecedented opportunities for researchers. The scholarship in this special theme section takes advantage of this affordance, resulting in work that helps explain practices online and offline, as well as those that blend the two environments.
The work described above and included in this special theme section contributes to an on-going dialogue about the importance of social network sites, both for practitioners and researchers. Vast, uncharted waters still remain to be explored. Although the situation is rapidly changing, scholars still have a limited understanding of who is and who is not using these sites, why, and for what purposes, especially outside the U.
Such questions will require large-scale quantitative and qualitative research. We hope that the work described here and included in this collection will help build a foundation for future investigations of these and other important issues surrounding social network sites. We are grateful to the external reviewers who volunteered their time and expertise to review papers and contribute valuable feedback and to those practitioners and analysts who provided information to help shape the history section.
Thank you also to Susan Herring, whose patience and support appeared infinite. Furthermore, only. Acquisti , A. Imagined communities: Awareness, information sharing, and privacy on the Facebook. Danezis Eds. Cambridge, UK : Robinson College. Google Scholar. Google Preview. Adamic , L. A social network caught in the Web. First Monday , 8 6.
Backstrom , L. Group formation in large social networks: Membership, growth, and evolution. Bahney , A. New York Times. Barnes , S. A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. First Monday , 11 9. Benzie , R. Facebook banned for Ontario staffers. The Star. Friendster and publicly articulated social networks. First Monday , 11 Friendster lost steam.
Is MySpace just a fad? Apophenia Blog. Convergence , 14 1. None of this is real. Karaganis Ed. Why youth heart social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. Buckingham Ed. Profiles as conversation: Networked identity performance on Friendster.
Byrne , D. Everett Ed. Cassidy , J. Me media: How hanging out on the Internet became big business. The New Yorker , 82 13 , Chafkin , M. How to kill a great idea! Charnigo , L. Checking out Facebook. Information Technology and Libraries , 26 1 , Choi , J. Jacobs Eds. New York : Peter Lang. Cohen , R. Social networking can have a big impact on the spread of misinformation and it can spread like wildfire.
This became increasingly prevalent after Information starts as rumors, which spread faster than facts. Networking on social media can have just as much of a detrimental impact on companies. Criticism of a brand can spread very quickly on social media.
This can create a virtual headache for a company's public relations PR department. Although social networking itself is free, building and maintaining a company profile takes hours each week. Costs for those hours add up quickly. Businesses need many followers before a social media marketing campaign starts generating a positive return on investment ROI.
For example, submitting a post to 15 followers does not have the same effect as submitting the post to 15, followers. Almost every product or service you use is backed by a company with a social media presence. It's virtually impossible to think of any major corporation that doesn't operate, market, and advertise on social networks. Tapping into social media is not only a good business practice, but it's also necessary if you're going to succeed in the corporate world.
Here are two examples of companies that are doing it right. Popular fast-food chain Taco Bell has more than 1. The company knows how to engage people on social media, posting content about its menu offerings, employees, and restaurants. Taco Bell also posts light-hearted tweets and Instagram posts that garner thousands of replies, retweets, and likes.
Taco Bell lobbied for a taco emoji by creating a petition on Change. The company spread the word on social media. The petition garnered more than 32, signatures from Taco Bell enthusiasts. Apple released the taco emoji in November when it released iOS 9.
You don't have to be a corporation to know how to use social media. This is, after all, the age of the influencer. Kylie Jenner, has more than million followers on Instagram, 1.
The young influencer and reality television star uses her social media platforms to boost her image and brand name. She is also an entrepreneur who uses social networking to promote her business, Kylie Cosmetics. The beauty brand earned her a spot on Forbes' list of self-made women, young billionaires , and the Celebrity of Want proof of her reach?
The company's lip kits sold out within 10 minutes of the star tweeting the link to her followers in February Social networking connects individuals with other people and businesses by allowing them to share information, ideas, and messages.
Companies also use social networks to create and increase brand recognition, promote products and services, and answer customer queries and concerns. The main types of social media include big names like Facebook, Instagram, Facebook Messenger, and Twitter. These are the most popular social networking sites in the United States. LinkedIn is another popular site, which helps connect professionals with coworkers, business contacts, and employers.
Social Networking gives people an opportunity to meet new people around the world. Users of these sites have access to millions of profiles from around the world. Before the advent of social networking sites, chat rooms were the only way to meet new people on the internet.
But, the main drawback of chat rooms was that you may not know the person with whom you are interacting with. The introduction of profiles on social networking sites allowed people to know more information about a person before they interact with them.
Popular Social Networking sites are built in such a way that they are very much user friendly. Most sites are so easy to navigate that they require very less knowledge of the internet. Infect they offer a better way of connecting with new people than other internet channels like bulletin boards and emails. The mobile versions of these social networking sites are even more user friendly allowing lot more number of people to connect through them.
Most of the popular Social Networks allow users to create groups. These groups allow likeminded people to share their interests and hobbies. Find out how you can use different types of social media platforms and formats to reach your digital marketing goals. However, there are many types of social media sites out there, with new platforms and formats popping up on the regular. Some of them are pretty niche, while others have the potential to become the next Instagram or TikTok.
Now, most established social media platforms have expanded to incorporate live streaming, augmented reality, shopping, social audio, and more. So, instead of giving you high level descriptions of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn you can find that anywhere! Bonus: Read the step-by-step social media strategy guide with pro tips on how to grow your social media presence. With the ever-growing number of social media platforms, it can be overwhelming to constantly wonder whether each of them is worth your time.
To avoid spending too much of your time learning the ropes of every new platform, let your social media marketing strategy guide your decisions, and only join the networks that support your goals. Follow these three tips to build your own criteria that will help you evaluate any new social media platform, no matter what it is or how it works.
Social media managers hopping on to a short call to hear about a new platform we should be on pic. The first question you should ask before joining a new social media platform is: where is your audience? It makes more sense to go where your audience is already hanging out than to join a new platform and attract your audience to it. The second thing to understand is how your audience is using that platform. What type of content are they looking for? Which types of accounts do they follow? Are they passive consumers or content creators?
For detailed insights into how people use different social media platforms, dive into our State of Digital report. Source: Digital report. Although no one can tell the future, one way to know if a platform has staying power is to compare its statistics to established social media platforms.
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