It took until the s until creatine, or rather a synthetic variant, could be created in the laboratory. By , Crim et al. For the user it meant faster muscle recover, increased protein in the muscles and increased performance. From to experiments with animals helped uncover the muscle-enhancing effects of creatine.
Soon scientists were in agreement that creatine could prevent muscle atrophy. The entrance of creatine into the public consciousness only really came in the s. When Linford Christine and Sally Gunnell both attributed their impressive athletic performances to creatine use, the public took notice. Numerous controlled clinical trials emerged in the following upcoming years detailing the benefits of creatine supplementation in different sports. Although realistically, McGwire steroid use was probably more helpful!
Nowadays Creatine is rightly held up as one of the most effective, safest and easiest to use supplements for athlete and strength trainer alike. Sort of a misuse of the word inundated. Inundated means to flood or overflow. Hi Thomas, thanks so much for dropping by.
Thanks for pointing it out. I used to be an editor and sometimes it just comes out compulsively. Also thanks so much for your kind words. Would you recommend investing in it? It just strikes me as knee-jerk sensationalism based on a very poor understanding of the topic. Days before boxer Oscar De La Hoya fought Felix Trinidad in , a public relations photo of his favorite supplements showed a bottle of creatine. In , however, three college wrestlers enrolled at three universities died within a six-week span while on crash weight-loss diets.
When autopsies determined all three athletes had been using supplemental creatine, which promotes weight gain, the FDA vowed to investigate its role in the fatalities. A review by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that exercise in high temperatures and severe fluid restriction had caused lethal hyperthermia and vascular collapse in each of the wrestlers. Creatine was not a factor, the researchers found.
Other alarms were raised. A case study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in told of a year-old man who suffered kidney trouble one month after going on creatine, and then recovered after he stopped using the supplement.
Media coverage of creatine quickly soured. Scientists have performed hundreds of studies, some following creatine users for as long as five years; none have found convincing evidence linking it to heart attacks or any other ill effects in healthy people, said Jeff Volek, an assistant professor of kinesiology at the University of Connecticut. Studies have also failed to correlate the cramping and diarrhea often reported by athletes and trainers. Creatine, formally known as creatine monohydrate, is neither a steroid nor a steroid precursor.
It is not an herb, such as ephedra, nor is it a hormone, such as androstenedione. It is a nonessential dietary element produced naturally by many animals, including humans. It was discovered by French chemist Michel Chevreul in the s, and its essential role in building and maintaining muscle tissue has been scrutinized ever since.
Manufactured from amino acids by the liver, pancreas and kidneys, creatine is found primarily in the skeletal muscles -- a pound man typically maintains about grams.
It is also found in meat and fish. A pound of beef contains a gram or two. A pound of herring can have up to 5 grams. The problem for athletes is that intense physical exercise can deplete stored ATP faster than creatine can renew it. Humans manufacture about 2 grams of creatine per day. Hence the rationale behind supplementation. If used this way, creatine is considered an ergogenic aid -- that is, a performance enhancer.
The regimen usually begins with a loading phase lasting about five days, during which 20 grams is taken per day in 5-gram doses.
Then follows the maintenance phase, when the dosage drops to a single 5-gram dose daily. This cycle is usually repeated once a month.
After the publication of this article, the owner of a company called Cal Pharm contacted me to discuss the possibility of having my facility, All American Pharmaceutical, manufacture creatine monohydrate for him. Cal Pharm was planning to advertise in Muscle Media magazine and needed product as soon as possible. Therefore, I immediately began researching how to synthesize the compound. However, further study led us to believe it would take us about 12 months just to build a new plant to synthesize creatine.
This was also long before EAS ever started marketing it. As a matter of fact, one of the former owners called a friend of mine, George Zangas of Marathon Nutrition, in to ask if he wanted to purchase creatine. By , All American Pharmaceutical was in full production of creatine monohydrate at our plant in Billings, Montana. The next significant shift in creatine technology took place on June 6, , when I introduced Kre-Alkalyn pH-correct creatine to the marketplace.
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