His speech provided the impetus for the so-called Marshall Plan, under which the United States sent On June 5, , more than 1, British bombers drop 5, tons of bombs on German gun batteries placed at the Normandy assault area, while 3, Allied ships cross the English Channel in preparation for the invasion of Normandy—D-Day.
Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Middle East. Great Britain. Great Depression. Sign Up. Art, Literature, and Film History. Cold War. He also knew that a relatively small but vocal group of extremists was contributing to the political tensions in Texas and would likely make its presence felt—particularly in Dallas, where US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson had been physically attacked a month earlier after making a speech there. Nonetheless, JFK seemed to relish the prospect of leaving Washington, getting out among the people and into the political fray.
The first stop was San Antonio. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Governor John B. Connally, and Senator Ralph W. Yarborough led the welcoming party. A light rain was falling on Friday morning, November 22, but a crowd of several thousand stood in the parking lot outside the Texas Hotel where the Kennedys had spent the night.
A platform was set up and the president, wearing no protection against the weather, came out to make some brief remarks. Kennedy is organizing herself. It takes longer, but, of course, she looks better than we do when she does it. The warmth of the audience response was palpable as the president reached out to shake hands amidst a sea of smiling faces.
Back inside the hotel the president spoke at a breakfast of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, focusing on military preparedness. The presidential party left the hotel and went by motorcade to Carswell Air Force Base for the thirteen-minute flight to Dallas.
Arriving at Love Field, President and Mrs. Kennedy disembarked and immediately walked toward a fence where a crowd of well-wishers had gathered, and they spent several minutes shaking hands. The first lady received a bouquet of red roses, which she brought with her to the waiting limousine. Governor John Connally and his wife, Nellie, were already seated in the open convertible as the Kennedys entered and sat behind them.
Since it was no longer raining, the plastic bubble top had been left off. Vice President and Mrs. Johnson occupied another car in the motorcade. The procession left the airport and traveled along a ten-mile route that wound through downtown Dallas on the way to the Trade Mart where the President was scheduled to speak at a luncheon.
Crowds of excited people lined the streets and waved to the Kennedys. The car turned off Main Street at Dealey Plaza around p. As it was passing the Texas School Book Depository, gunfire suddenly reverberated in the plaza. Bullets struck the president's neck and head and he slumped over toward Mrs. The governor was shot in his back. The car sped off to Parkland Memorial Hospital just a few minutes away.
But little could be done for the President. A Catholic priest was summoned to administer the last rites, and at p. John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead. This elevator did not ascend all the way to the ninth floor, but instead went up to the sixth floor, where there was no crowd.
After the stretcher reached the sixth floor, it was guided back to the main elevators and moved to the ninth floor. The operation started at am. The senior neurosurgeon was Dr. Henry Cuneo, an associate clinical professor of neurosurgery at the University of Southern California. Cuneo had graduated from Baylor University School of Medicine in and had served as a lieutenant colonel in the Navy Medical Corps from to Other members of the surgical team were Dr.
Preoperative radiographs demonstrated significant bone fragments within the brain parenchyma. As was the standard of the day, the surgeons believed that they needed to remove as many bone and bullet fragments as possible in addition to obtaining control of intracranial bleeding. The operation took over 3 hours and 45 minutes to complete. After the surgeons had created several burr holes near the bullet entrance wound, a 5-cm craniotomy flap was elevated.
During the operation, portions of the occipital lobe and right cerebellum were debrided of devitalized tissue. Bleeding from the petrous sinus was eventually controlled.
Intraoperatively, Kennedy was given dexamethasone and mannitol to help control cerebral edema. At the end of the operation, he was placed on a cooling blanket. Kennedy regained some motor activity on the right side of his body, as shown by his response to a pinprick, but there was still a poor response to painful stimulation along his entire left side. Cuneo called Dr.
Lawrence Pool to discuss the case. Pool was chief of neurosurgery at the Neurological Institute of New York. He had completed his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania and trained in neurosurgery at the Neurological Institute of New York. Cuneo, Dr. Pool stated that given the damage, even if Kennedy could survive the initial insult, his neurological outcome would be tragic.
James L. Salinger asked if Poppen could fly immediately to Los Angeles and consult on the case. Poppen, who had attended Rush Medical School in Chicago and joined the Lahey Clinic in , where he served as its chief of neurosurgery from to , 5 maintained a long relationship with the Kennedys and had treated other members of the family.
Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey was contacted and arranged for the Air Force to transport Dr. Poppen to Los Angeles. Poppen arrived just before 10 am on June 5, approximately 4 hours after the operation had been completed. When he examined Kennedy, he thought the prognosis was grave.
He continued to consult with Dr. Cuneo and his team and acted as a liaison to the Kennedy family. In the initial postoperative period, Kennedy was relatively stable. By 6 pm on June 5, approximately 12 hours after surgery, his condition began to deteriorate. Kennedy never regained consciousness. He was pronounced dead at am Pacific daylight savings time on June 6, Noguchi served in the chief medical examiner position from to and conducted autopsies of many famous individuals, including Marilyn Monroe, Sharon Tate, Natalie Wood, Janice Joplin, and John Belushi.
The autopsy began on June 6. One bullet entered the right axilla posteriorly and exited near the right clavicle. The second bullet entered the back on the right side, lodging at the base of the neck in the subcutaneous space. Neither of these injuries caused life-threatening harm. Examination of the intracranial contents showed extensive injury to the right cerebellum and right occipital cortex. There were multiple bone and bullet fragments scattered across the brain tissue, and evidence of epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
There was also evidence of brainstem herniation due to cerebral edema. Damage to the brainstem was likely due to this herniation and not to direct trauma. Both the right middle cerebral artery and the petrous sinus were injured by bullet and bone fragments and were the predominant source of the bleeding see Fig.
The discrepancy between eyewitness reports that Sirhan came no closer than 12 to 18 inches from Kennedy when the shooting occurred and the Noguchi report, which stated that the gun was within 3 inches of the right ear at the time of the shooting, was not highlighted in the autopsy report. Noguchi, in his later writings, makes it clear that his report did not imply that Sirhan was the lone shooter, leaving the door open for conspiracy theorists.
This representation was created based on data from the autopsy report and testimony, as no imaging studies are available for review. Kennedy suffered 3 gunshot wounds. Two of these injuries were relatively trivial. The injuries sustained by Kennedy occurred just after am , and he was moved to Central Receiving Hospital at am. This delay is commonplace and likely could not have been improved. Unfortunately, valuable time was lost with the stop at Central Receiving Hospital. If the senator had been transported directly to the larger hospital, approximately 45 minutes would have been saved.
The Brain Trauma Foundation has compiled guidelines regarding the care of persons with severe traumatic brain injury, 3 including those injured via gunshots to the head. Following initial resuscitation, care of the cranial gunshot victim focuses on diagnostic imaging, surgical debridement, and management of cerebral edema to prevent elevated intracranial pressure.
Like many other aspects of trauma care, the management of cranial gunshot wounds has evolved from lessons learned from combat situations. Cushing proposed a grading scale based on the extent of projectile penetration and whether the ventricular system was injured. The group of patients in Dr. This high rate of mortality unfortunately holds true in modern series of cranial gunshot wounds.
Several more modern studies have confirmed and refined Dr. By the time Senator Kennedy was evaluated at Good Samaritan Hospital, where he subsequently underwent an emergency craniotomy, he was reported to have no motor function. We do not know with certainty whether his eyes opened to verbal or even painful cues, and thus we do not know his exact Glasgow Coma Scale GCS score. The decision was a major victory for Sirhan Sirhan, 77, though it did not assure his release. Then it will be sent to the governor, who will have 30 days to decide whether to grant it, reverse it or modify it.
And I am grateful today to see him as a human being worthy of compassion and love. Robert Kennedy, a New York senator and brother of President John F Kennedy, was a Democratic presidential candidate when he was killed on 6 June at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, moments after delivering a victory speech in the pivotal California primary.
His lawyer, Angela Berry, argued that the board should base its decision on who Sirhan is today.
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