He or she shall appoint and recall diplomatic agents of the Republic of Estonia, on the proposal of the Government of the Republic, and receive the credentials of diplomatic agents accredited to Estonia. In concluding international treaties, it is the competence of the President of the Republic to ratify or denounce treaties, i. According to Section of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia , such treaties are those, which alter state boundaries; the implementation of which requires the passage, amendment or repeal of Estonian laws; those by which the Republic of Estonia joins international organisations or unions; those by which the Republic of Estonia assumes military or proprietary obligations; and those in which ratification is prescribed.
The President's sole competence in foreign relations is declaring a state of war and proceeding therefrom, also the end of the war, in the case of aggression against Estonia, as well as making the proposal to the Riigikogu to declare a state of war, to order mobilisation or demobilisation, and a state of emergency. On the proposal of the Government of the Republic the President confers diplomatic ranks that are conferred for life. The President's role, as well as his relations with other constitutional institutions are set down more specifically in the Foreign Relations Act and the Foreign Service Act.
The President's Role in Domestic Affairs 3. Responsibilities in regard to the Riigikogu The President and the Riigikogu are connected by several formal and substantive powers of the President. The President of the Republic declares the regular elections to the Riigikogu, convenes and opens the first session of the new membership of the Riigikogu.
The President has the right to convene additional and extraordinary sessions of the Riigikogu in cases as stated by law. In cases provided in the Constitution, the President of the Republic shall dissolve the Riigikogu and declare the extraordinary elections of the Riigikogu.
The President of the Republic shall declare the extraordinary elections of the Riigikogu after the Prime Minister candidate designated by the President has two times failed to form a government, and the Riigikogu has presented its own candidate, who has in his turn failed to present his government membership to the President.
The President shall also declare extraordinary elections to the Riigikogu if a referendum initiated by the Riigikogu does not receive a majority of votes in favour.
The powers of the Riigikogu terminate prematurely also if the Riigikogu has not passed the state budget within two months after the beginning of the budgetary year; also in this case the President of the Republic shall declare extraordinary elections to the Riigikogu. The third reason for terminating the powers of the Riigikogu differs from the first two, as here the President of the Republic has to decide whether to declare the extraordinary elections of the Riigikogu or not.
The President may declare extraordinary elections also in case of the expression of no confidence in the Government of the Republic or the Prime Minister by the Riigikogu. Responsibilities in regard to the Government of the Republic President of the Republic designates the Prime Minister candidate, to whom he assigns the task of forming the Government.
The Prime Minister candidate, who has been authorised by the Riigikogu to form the Government, presents the membership of the government to the president of the Republic, who shall appoint the government to office. The President shall make changes to the appointed membership of the Government of the Republic i. The relations between the Government of the Republic and the President of the Republic are specified in the Government of the Republic Act.
Responsibility in regard to legislation The President of the Republic shall proclaim the laws passed in the Riigikogu. This is the sole competence of the President of the Republic in which no other constitutional institution is involved. The President of the Republic may also refuse to proclaim a law passed by the Riigikogu and return it together with his reasoned resolution to the Riigikogu for a new debate and decision. The President has the right to control both the provisions of substantive and procedural law.
If the Riigikogu again passes the law, which is returned to it by the President of the Republic, unamended, the President of the Republic shall proclaim the law or shall propose to the Supreme Court to declare the law unconstitutional.
If the Supreme Court declares the law constitutional, the President of the Republic shall proclaim the law. If the Riigikogu is unable to convene in a situation of emergency, the President of the Republic may, in matters of urgent state need, issue decrees which have the force of law, and which shall bear the counter-signatures of the Chairman of the Riigikogu and the Prime Minister. These decrees cannot be used to amend the Constitution or the so-called constitutional laws see Section of the Constitution.
The Riigikogu shall pass a law for the confirmation or repeal of these decrees on the next meeting. Thus, the decrees are a specific measure for maintaining governmental order, and in this case the President is acting as the guarantor of the rule of law in the state.
According to the Constitution, President of the Republic does not have the right to initiate laws, with the exception of amendments of the Constitution. He or she appoints and releases members of the Government on the proposal of the Prime Minister, the President of the Bank of Estonia on the proposal of the Board of the Bank of Estonia, county justices, administrative justices and circuit justices i.
Being appointed by the President gives certain social respect to the public servant, enables control over the legality of the appointment, and provides the appointment with more publicity and gives a sense of stability to the public servant. Although implicitly granted authority by Congress, Lincoln used his powers as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, "as a necessary war measure" as the basis of the proclamation.
The Proclamation freed the slaves in the areas of the South that were still in rebellion. Practically, it initially freed only some slaves already behind Union lines. However, it effects spread as the Union armies advanced into the Confederacy.
The Emancipation Proclamation also allowed for the enrollment of freed slaves into the United States military. During the war nearly , blacks, most of them ex-slaves, joined the Union Army. Their contributions gave the North additional manpower that was significant in winning the war. Although a six-member majority of the Court concluded that Truman's action exceeded his authority under the Constitution, seven justices indicated that the power of the President is not limited to those powers expressly granted in Article II.
Had the Congress not impliedly or expressly disapproved of Truman's seizure of the mills, the action would have been upheld. Justice Jackson, in a concurring opinion, outlined a tripartite test for determining whether a president is constitutionally exercising his impiled powers.
Jackson's test has been used by the Court in subequent cases involving the exercise of executive power. Ari Zivotofsky, with his son Menachem, outside the Supreme Court. AP photo. Was the Emancipation Proclamation Constitutional? Introduction The delegates to the Constitutional Convention of gave surprisingly little attention to the executive branch of government.
Decision-Making on Viet Nam Policy. Acting with unusual haste, the Court in New York Times v United States concluded that a prior restraint on publication of excerpts from the Pentagon Papers violated the First Amendment. In a key opinion, two concurring justices indicated that they might have upheld the injunction if the Executive Branch's action had been supported by a narrowly drawn congressional authorization. Dames and More v Regan considered the constitutionality of executive orders issued by President Jimmy Carter directing claims by Americans against Iran to a specially-created tribunal.
The Court, using a pragmatic rather than literalist approach, found the executive orders to be a constitutional exercise of the President's Article II powers. Head of State p. Can you think of other ways to do this? Head of the Executive Branch p.
Commander-in-Chief p. Moral leadership p. What good causes would you most want to support? Ask students to imagine that at the end of this very long day, despite the lateness of the hour, President Kennedy pauses quietly before the portrait of George Washington in the East Room the painting that was saved by Dolley Madison when British soldiers set fire to the White House in What do you think Washington might have to say about it, and what questions might he ask?
Write an imaginary dialogue between the two Presidents. Choose one or more of these schedules and have students compare with September 25, It was originally published in and was re-issued by HarperCollins in The book is currently out of print but you may be able to locate a copy in your local library. Common Core State Standards. Massachusetts English Language Arts Framework. Skip past main navigation. Kennedy Biography of John F.
Kennedy and Jacqueline B. A President's Day. Overview Preparation Procedure Assessment Connections to Curriculum Standards Download this lesson plan , including handouts, as a pdf. Preparation Historical Background and Context For all its significance to the nation and the world, the position of president of the United States has a remarkably brief job description—Article II, Section 2 and 3 of the US Constitution easily fits on a single typed page.
Assessment Ask students if the job of president has any appeal to them, and whether they could conceive of running for the office themselves one day. Extensions 1. Alternatively, ask students to respond individually as part of a homework assignment. Chronological Thinking 2. Historical Comprehension 3. Historical Analysis and Interpretation 4. Historical Research Capabilities 5.
T3 Principles of United States Government 8. T3 The Institutions of United States government 8. Identifier Accession. Rights Access Status. Relation Is Part Of Desc. Subject Geog. Type Category. Format Medium. Format Media Type. Creator Maker. Language ISO
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