Secondly, while many of these attacks have been the work of groups with genuine Islamic credentials, renegade elements from these groups and others operating under the guise of Islam have perpetrated attacks for mainly criminal reasons, mainly to extort money from the owners.
This phenomenon has also become intermingled with turf wars and other conflicts between rival organised criminal groups for the control of drugs, prostitution and other lucrative activities. For example, a number of discos have been fire-bombed in Jakarta in the last year.
More seriously, some bombings and other violent incidents have been linked into a complex web of political and criminal motivations, allegedly involving the police and the military themselves. These include:. Two particular features of the complex situation in Indonesia militate against easy explanations for violent incidents. The first is that while terrorist attacks, internationally, are usually quickly acknowledged by the perpetrators in order to gain profile and political advantage, those behind bombings in Indonesia have rarely claimed responsibility.
This tends to breed competing, ever more complex theories and explanations. The second, related feature is that the various sources of conflict, political, criminal and personal, tend to become intertwined in a way that makes simple answers about motives and perpetrators very difficult to discern. Thus, while one group may, for example, plant a bomb using material obtained from the military, it may attempt to have blame shifted to another group while expecting that a third element, their real target, will understand the actual motive.
The bombing of the Jakarta Stock Exchange is an example of the complexities of determining ultimate responsibility. In conclusion, there is strong evidence suggesting that the Bali bombings were perpetrated by a well-organised group from outside the province, possibly with Al Qaeda or other international connections. Another man, Umar Patek, was also convicted in June of helping make explosives. Ali Imron said he helped make the main bomb that was used at the Sari Club.
He said a van loaded with explosives had been driven to Sari by a man called Jimi, who died in the blast. A man called Iqbal wore a vest with a bomb in it, which he detonated at Paddy's Bar.
Iqbal is known to have died in Paddy's Bar. But Ali Imron also told police that the two bombs exploded prematurely, which could have caught Iqbal out, so it is unclear if he was on a suicide mission. All the individuals detained for playing a major role in the attacks have been sentenced - and Amrozi, Mukhlas and Imam Samudra were executed in November Other key suspects are believed to have been killed by police before facing trial.
Azahari Husin, a Malaysian who was alleged to be JI's top bomb-making expert and to have helped assemble the Bali bombs, was killed in eastern Indonesian in November Another alleged bomb-maker, Noordin Mohammad Top, was killed in a raid in November Dulmatin was killed by Indonesian police on March during a raid at a Jakarta internet cafe.
Muslim cleric Abu Bakar Ba'asyir, seen as the spiritual leader of militant Islam in Indonesia, was jailed for conspiracy over the bombings, but his conviction was later quashed. He is currently behind bars on different charges. While the Bali attacks were a team effort, its aftermath provoked different reactions from those involved. Police said Imam Samudra stayed in Bali for several days after the bombing to survey the devastation he wrought and observe the reactions of people he affected.
Ali Imron shed tears in court, and repeatedly expressed remorse for his actions. Tourists with medical skills worked with overwhelmed Indonesian medical staff at the bombsites and local hospitals.
Nearly Australians later received formal recognition for their bravery and the assistance they provided both immediately and in the following months. Memorial for the victims of the Bali bombings in Kuta. Each year, remembrance events are held there and around the world. Many of the survivors of the attacks have also shared their stories by publishing books about their experiences. In on the tenth anniversary of the attacks, then Minister Chris Evans echoed the sentiment of many when he said:.
They took many lives but they failed in their mission. October 12 was also a day of great heroism. Of selfless acts of courage. Of remarkable emergency response. What was a terrible day of shared grief for Indonesia and Australia became a day of great shared resolve. Australia maintains a close political relationship with Indonesia, and the AFP continues to work with the INP in many capacities, especially in combating terrorism. Official Bali honours list, Sydney Morning Herald. The National Museum of Australia acknowledges First Australians and recognises their continuous connection to country, community and culture.
Defining Moments Bali bombings. The explosions killed people, 88 of whom were Australian, and wounded hundreds more.
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